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Abortion In Latin America: Still Illegal, Still Killing, Despite Growing Awareness - Santiago Times
Abortion In Latin America: Still Illegal, Still Killing, Despite Growing AwarenessSantiago Times... women's right to decide." ?What the laws say:?Chile, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic ban abortions under any circumstances, ...
-0.135
Based on the above, dowry demand involvement, age at marriage, past history of abuse and spousal communication are the most important predictors of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. This results agree with the findings reported by Bern, Jacobson and Gottman (1999); Gordise, Margolin and Vickerman (2005); that poor couple communication is related to violence during pregnancy in India and China Su-fang (2004); and Purmar (1999). Martins (2001); Wiemann (2000) and Dunn (2000) focuses their report on abuse by past or current intimate partners. In contrasts, other studies have found an escalation of violence during pregnancy – Stewart & Cecutti (1993); Berenson (1991); Campbell (1992) and Taggart & Mattson (1996).
Campbell JCt^Wfl, The influence of abuse on pregnancy intention, Women's Health Issues, 1995, 5 (4):214-223.
Garcia-Moreno C. WHO Multicountry Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses, Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 2005.
Table I shows that the combination of the six independent variables (dowry demand involvement, spousal communication, past history of abuse, religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage) in predicting physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy gave a co-efficient of multiple regression (R) of 0.462 and a multiple R-Square (R2) of 0.213. The result shows that 21.3% of the variance in the prediction of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy is accounted for by the independent variables. The table also indicates that, the analysis of variance of the multiple regression data gave an F-ratio of 13.229 significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
Age at Marriage
(16.0)
57
(4.0)
0.378
Determinant Factors
Discussion of Findings
Martin SL. Violence and substance abuse among North Carolina pregnant women, American / Journal of Public Health, 1996, 86(7):991-998.
Constant
-
Total
12
In recent research, women who were abused during pregnancy had a history of abuse (Glander, 1998; Horrigan, Schroeder, & Schaffer, 2000; and Jasinki, 2004). Five studies found that a past history of abuse (i.e. abuse before pregnancy) is one of the strongest predictors of abuse during pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutti, 1993; Castro, Peek-Asa & Ruiz, 2003; Martin, 2004; McFarlance, 1992 and Su-fang, 2004). In addition, multiple social, economic, cultural biological, and environmental factors contribute to abuse toward women during pregnancy.
-2.461
1. Using a combination of the independent variables to predict physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
Leung WC, Leung TW and Lam YY, The prevalence of domestic violence against pregnant women in a Chinese community, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1999, 66(1):23-30.
Fikree FF and Bhatti LI, Domestic violence and health of Pakistani women, International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 1999, 65(2):195-201.
* Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
Karaoglu Ltfitatt, Physical, emotional and sexual violence during pregnancy in Malatya, Turkey, European Journal of Public Health, 2006, 16(2): 149-156.
-0.113
35
-2.146
Response of determinant factors
Total
Further research is needed to determine whether increased couple communication reduces the likelihood of violence or whether absence of violence can lead to increased couple communication.
Ms
df
Age at Marriage
Procedure for Data Collection
Newberger EH. Abuse of pregnant women and adverse birth outcome. Current knowledge and implications for practice, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(17):2370-2372.
References
Campbell JC, Garcia-Moreno C and Sharps P, Abuse during pregnancy in industrialized and developing countries, Violence Against Women, 2004, 10(7):770-789.
Religion
The participants for the study were administered the two questionnaires with the assistance of two research assistants and the hospital attendants in the three hospitals involved in the study. The collected questionnaires were scored and the data obtained from them were analysed to answer the research questions. On the whole, 250 copies of the questionnaires were distributed and returned fully filled, giving a return rate of 100%.
Taggart L and Mattson S, Delay in prenatal care as a result of battering in pregnancy: cross-cultural implications, Health Care for Women International, 1996, 17(1):25-34.
-
B
3
0.146
25
Two major instruments were used in the study:
40.904
4
(5.0)
5
Sig.
7.634
Gazmararian JA. The relationship between pregnancy intendedness and physical violence in mothers of newborns, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1995, 85(6):1031-1038.
Variables
250
Hedin LW. Postpartum, also a risk period for domestic violence, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2000, 89(1):41-45.
Purpose of Study
1
Horrigan TJ, Schroeder AV and Schaffer RM, The triad of substance abuse, violence, and depression are interrelated in pregnancy, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 2000, 18(1):55-58.
Residual
0.399
Introduction
0.7771
36.7
Research Design
8
0.0145
Total
4
5
It is clear from the research that physical spousal abuse toward women during pregnancy is an issue that cuts across countries; however, prevalence varies from country to country, and even within countries. According to the majority of clinic-based studies in the United States of America, prevalence of spousal abuse during pregnancy ranges from 4% to 8% (Gazmararian, 1996; Gazmararian, 1995; Muhajarine & D’Arcy, 1999 and Stewart & Cecutti, 1993). An analysis of 1996-1998 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data from sixteen U.S. states estimated that the overall prevalence of physical spousal abuse during pregnancy was 5% (Saltzman, 2003); the highest prevalence was in Oklahoma (7%) and the lowest in Maine (4%). Separate studies in North and South Carolina found the prevalence in those states to be 6% and 11%, respectively (Martin, 2001; and Cokkindes, 1999).
12
Sig.
Adjusted R-Square = 0.197
6
SA
Stewart DE and Cecutti A, Physical abuse in pregnancy, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1993, 149(9):1257-1263.
Sources of Variation
(7.0)
19
Eighteen percent of economically disadvantaged currently married women living with their husbands in six villages in Bangladesh experienced physical spousal abuse during at least one pregnancy; for 3%, the abuse got worse during pregnancy (Bates, 2004).
(11.0)
0.194
617.444
Spousal Communication
5
-0.811
10
Nasir K and Hyder A, Violence against pregnant women in developing countries, European Journal of Public Health, 2003, 13(2):105- 107.
245
Berns, SB. Jacobson NS and Gottman, JM. Demand-withdraw interaction in couples with a violent husband, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1999, 67(5): 666-674.
4
Beta
X2 = 36.7, DF = 9, P <0.05 = Significant
0.484
(1.5)
(2.0)
5
Bohn DK, Tebben JG and Campbell JC, Influences of income, education, age, and ethnicity on / physical abuse before and during pregnancy, Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Neonatal Nursing, 2004, 33(5):561-571.
Berenson AB. Drug abuse and other risk factors for physical abuse in pregnancy among white non-Hispanic, black, and Hispanic women, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1991, 164(6 Pt. 1):1491-1499.
5
Castro R, Peek-Asa C and Ruiz A, Violence against women in Mexico: a study of abuse before and during pregnancy, American Journal of Public Health, 2003, 93(7): 1 1 10-1 116.
In the view of Stewart and Cecutti (1993); Castor, Peek and Ruiz (2003), Martin (2004); McFarlance (1992) and Su-fang (2004) found that a past history of abuse (i.e. abuse before pregnancy) is one of the strongest predictors of abuse during pregnancy.
4
Analysis of Variance
3
The research results vary on whether abuse toward women increases, decreases, or remains the same during pregnancy. There is evidence that pregnancy can be a time of respite for some previously abused women (Jasinki, 2001; Bermon, 1991; Campbell, 1998; Campbell, 1995; Castro, Peek-Asa & Ruiz, 2003; Martin, 1996; and Hedin, 2000), perhaps because of stigma associated with physically injuring a pregnant women, (Karaoglu, 2006; Jasinki, 2001; Borenson, 1991 and Campbell, 1998). If this is the case, partners abuse, only to replace it with emotional abuse, such as insults, threats and humiliation (Karaoglu, 2006 and Martin, 2004). The WHO multi-country study reports that the majority of women who suffered from abuse before and during pregnancy in all sites reported that during the last pregnancy in which they were abused, the abuse was the same or somewhat less severe or frequent than before the pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutte, 1993; Borenson, 1991; Campbell, 1992 and Taggart, 1996). In constrast, other studies have found an escalation of abuse during pregnancy (Garcia-Moreno, 2005). For example, 64% of Canadian women who were abused during pregnancy reported that their abuse increased during pregnancy (Stewart & Cecutti, 1993).
0.103
Su-fang G. Domestic abuse on women in China before, during, and after pregnancy, Chinese Medical Journal, 2004, 117(3):331- 336.
7
87
Husband’s level of Education
The participants for this study consists of all married women in Lagos metropolis whose ages ranged between 21 years – 49 years, and are currently pregnant. A total of two hundred and fifty were randomly drawn from pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Maternity Hospital and Ikoyi Specialist Hospital, all in Lagos Metropolis. The choice of Lagos area for the study was chosen because it is an area where support services for abused women are currently available or could be established, the populations are broadly representative of socio-economic strata and not perceived as having high levels of domestic violence.
Jasinski JL. Pregnancy and domestic violence: a review of the literature, Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 2004, 5(1 ):47-64.
2
SEB
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of the factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria.
(3.0)
International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (INCLEN) and International Center for Research on Women (ICRW), Indiasafe: Studies of Abuse in the Family Environment in India-A Summary Report, New Delhi, India and Washington, DC: INCLEN and ICRW, 2000.
Martin SL. Changes in intimate partner violence during pregnancy, Journal of Family Violence, 2004, 19(4):201-210.
0.028
-2.425
3. There is no significant relationship between the determinants factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
Husband’s level of Education
3
Campbell JC eWt, Correlates of battering during pregnancy, Research in Nursing and Health, 1992, 15(3):21 9-226.
22
Data Analysis
0.404
2
In Nigeria, most research work on physical spousal abuse has been based on prevalence and patterns; scarcely do we have studies linking physical spousal abuse to women during pregnancy. It is against this background that this study becomes relevant in filling such missing gaps in our knowledge in the issue of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in Lagos metropolis area of Lagos State, Nigeria.
Muhajarine N and D'Arcy C, Physical abuse during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1 999, 1 60(7):1 007-1 011 .
Methodology
Instrumentation
7
-0.283
Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association, Violence against women: relevance for medical practitioners, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(23):3184-3189.
(7.5)
0.6287
53
32
Table 3: Cross-tabulation and chi-square (X2) analysis of determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy
7
0.0161
Table 2 shows for each independent variable, the standardised regression weight (B), the Standard Error Estimate (SEB), the Beta, the T-ratio, and the level at which the T-ratio, and the level at which the T-ratio is significant. As indicated in the table the T-ratio is associated with four variables (dowry demand involvement, spousal communication, past history of abuse, and age at marriage) were significant at 0.05 level of confidence while religion and husband’s level of education were not significantly associated with the dependent variable.
123.48886
SD
Valladares E. Physical partner abuse during pregnancy: a risk factor for low birth weight in Nicaragua, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2002, 100(4):700-705.
1
Martin SL. Physical abuse of women before, during and after pregnancy, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 285(12): 1581-1584.
This study employed an ex-post-facto design. This design does not involve the manipulation of any variable. The event has already occurred and the researcher only investigated what was already there.
2
D
4
88
Goodwin M. Pregnancy intendedness and physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: findings from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 1996-1997, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(2):85-92.
Participants
NS
All the participants involved in the study can read, write and respond to questions.
Past History of Abuse
Gordis EB, Margolin G and Vickerman K. Communication and frightening behaviour among couples with past and recent histories of physical marital aggression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2005, 36(1-2): 177-191.
(2.5)
(3.5)
McFarlane J. Assessing for abuse during pregnancy: severity and frequency of injuries and associated entry into prenatal care, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, 267(23):3176-3178.
(1.5)
Remark
Faruqi N, The women's group report on women speaking about domestic violence, poster presented at the Third Annual National Symposium, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, Sept. 21-22, 1996.
Multiple R-Square = 0.213
14
(2.5)
1. Self-Reporting Questionnaire factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. Women answered questions about the age at marriage, dowry demand at marriage, past history, of abuse, couples religion, husband’s level of education, and spousal level of communication. It has 30 items rated on a 4 point Likert-type scale. The respondents indicated their degree of agreement with each item by ticking Strongly Agreed (4); Agreed (3); Disagreed (2) and Strongly Disagreed (1). It has 0.67 and 0.73 as the internal consistency and revalidation reliability respectively.
2
Wiemann CM. Pregnant adolescents: experiences and behaviors associated with physical assault by an intimate partner, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2000, 4(2):93-101.
0.0146
Cokkinides VE. Physical violence during pregnancy: maternal complications and birth outcomes, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1999, 93(5):661-666.
According to a review of six studies from India, China, Pakistan and Ethiopia, the prevalence of physical spousal abuse during pregnancy ranged from 4% to 28% (Nasir and Hyder, 2003). Four of these studies were hospital-based and found prevalence of 4-22% (Leung, Leung and Lam, 1999; Purmar, 1999; Fikree & Bhatti, 1999; and Faruqi, 1996); the other two were population-based, covering both urban and rural areas, and reported prevalence of 10-28% (Nasir & Hyder, 2003; Deyessa, 1998; and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). A multi country, population-based study conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) from which the data for the current study are drawn, shows that the rate of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in ten developing countries ranged from 3% to 28% (Garcia-Moreno, 2005).
9
Low socio-economic status has consistently been identified as a risk factor for violence during pregnancy (Gazmararian, 1995; Purmar, 1999; Karuoglu, 2006; Su-fang, 2004; and Goodwin, 2000). Economically, disadvantaged women, both in the United States and in developing countries, have the highest rates of reported abuse during pregnancy (Campbell, 2004); although women from higher income groups experience abuse, they may be less likely than others to disclose their abuse (International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). Urban residence is a predictor of violence during pregnancy (Karaoglu, 2006; and Su-fang, 2004). In both developing and developed countries, women’s low level of education is associated with physical abuse during pregnancy, (Muhajarin, 1999; Purmar, 1999; Farugi, 1996; Karaoglu, 2006 and Bohn, 2004), male partners’ low level of education is also a contributing factor (Leung, Leung & Lam, 1999; Faruqi, 1996 and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network, 2000). Finally, young pregnant women are more likely than those who are older to be abused (Muhajarine, 1999; Stewart & Cecutti, 1993; Hedin, 1999 and O’Camp, 1994).
3. There is no significant relationship between the determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
0.0162
22
(6.0)
6
Conclusion
The data collected were analysed using multiple regression analysis and chi-square (x2) statistics to establish the relationship of the factors tested and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy.
0.142
Sig.
(2.0)
6
F-ratio
(2.0)
9.3344
35
Glander SS. The prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking abortion, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1998, 91(6):1002- 1006.
0.143
(12.5)
(1.0)
Bates LM. Socioeconomic factors and processes associated with domestic violence in rural Bangladesh, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2004, 30(4): 190-199.
Hedin LW. Prevalence of physical and sexual abuse before and during pregnancy among Swedish couples, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 1999, 160(7):1007-1011.
5.358
89
Sig. Level
Although the literature on this issue has grown in recent years, studies in developing countries and those using population-based data are scarce. In addition, previous studies vary greatly with respect to the definition of physical spousal abuse, sample size and composition, and reference periods (Vallandares, 2002; and Gazmararian, 1995).
Deyessa N. Magnitude, type and outcomes of violence against women in Bulajira, South Ethiopia, Ethiopian Medical Journal, 1998, 36(2):83-92.
X2 Crit.
T-ratio
Religion
2. What is the relative contribution of each of these factors (dowry demand, involvement spousal communication, past history of abuse religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage) to the prediction of physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy?
The results obtained showed that a combination of dowry demand, spousal communication, past history of abuse, religion, husband’s level of education and age at marriage when taken together seemed to be effective in predicting physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. The observed F-ratio of 13.229, significant at 0.05 level is an evidence that the effectiveness of a combination of the independent variables in the prediction of physical spousal abuse could not have occurred by chance. Furthermore, the coefficient of multiple correlation of 0.462 and a multiple R + square of 0.213 showed the magnitude of the relationship between physical spousal abuse and the combination of the independent variables. The results indicated that a relationship of the independent variables accounted for only 21.3% of the total variance in spousal physical abuse among pregnant women.
15
Saltzman LE. Physical abuse around the time of pregnancy: an examination of prevalence and risk factors in 16 states, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2003, 7(1):31-42.
A
2. Physical Spousal Abuse Inventory: Women answered questions on experience of physical assault perpetrated by one’s partner during any pregnancy was the dependent variable in the analyses. The questions on violence during pregnancy were modified versions of questions used by Campbell (1998) and those developed by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the PRAMS model in the United States (1999). Psychometric analysis was performed on the violence questions to ascertain the appropriateness of the behavioural items included. The items had good internal consistency, indicating that the instrument provided a reliable and valid measure of violence during pregnancy.
(2.0)
(2.5)
Campbell JC 0IM&, The dynamics of battering during pregnancy, in: Campbell JC, ed., Empowering Survivors of Abuse: Health Care for Battered Women and Their Children, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage, 1998, pp. 81-89.
Regression
Remark
Gazmararian JA. Prevalence of violence against pregnant women, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1996, 275(24): 1915-1920.
Dowry Demand Involvement
3.33
(1.0)
Multiple R = 0. 462
Jasinski JL, Pregnancy and violence against women: an analysis of longitudinal data, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2001, 16(7):713- 734.
Past History of Abuse
Dunn LL and Oths KS, Prenatal predictors of intimate partner abuse, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 2004, 33(1):54-63.
O'Campo P. Verbal abuse and physical violence among a cohort of low-income pregnant women, Women's Health Issues, 1994, 4(1):29-37.
249
Sig.
Although religion was not found to significantly predict physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy in the sample involved in this study, attention of social workers and counselling psychologists should be directed to religious teaching among couples as it could check violence among family members and the individuals in the society.
15
Taft A, Intimate partner abuse in pregnancy, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2001, 3(4):250-253.
In view of the fact that family history of spousal violence increases a daughter’s risk of such abuse and other factors as dowry demand, poor couple communication, and age at marriage have been found to be positively correlated to abuse, these factors should be widely communicated.
40
Table I: Summary of Regression Analysis of Sample Data
df
0.401
3
0.017
2277.5997
X2 Cal.
(3.0)
4
0.000
Sig.
Purwar MB. Survey of physical abuse during pregnancy, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, India, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecological Research, 1999, 65(3): 195-201.
Another finding from this study was that religion and the husband’s level of education was not a major predictor of spousal physical abuse was however, at variance of the work of Leung, Leung and Lam (1999); Faruqi (1990); and International Clinical Epidemiologists Network (2000) that, male partners’ low level of education is also a contributing factor. In addition, multiple social, economic, cultural, biological and environmental factors also contribute to violence toward women during pregnancy.
The results in Table 2 revealed the contribution made by each independent variable to the prediction of spousal physical abuse of women during pregnancy. The t-ratio values associated with each independent variables showed that dowry demand, past history of abuse, age at marriage, spousal communication contributed significantly to the prediction whereas religion and husband’s level of education did not.
0.05
Table 3 above shows the cross-tabulation of the determinant factors and physical spousal abuse of women during pregnancy. From the table above, the X2 calculated value (36.7) at 0.05 level of significance is greater than X2 critical value of 3.33. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis, that state that there is a significant relationship between the detrimental factors and physical spousal abuse was accepted. By implication, this means that the determinant factors has it consequences, and has an association with spousal physical abuse of women during pregnancy.
Standard Error of Estimate = 3.06
4
0.411
-
To achieve the purpose of this study, the following research questions were answered:
2.284
0.045
-1.014
-.0979
Physical spousal abuse towards pregnant women cuts across societies and classes in developed and developing countries of the world. It is a gross violation of human rights and has many far-reaching consequences for a woman and her fetus including serious social and health problems (Neuberger, 1992; Gazmararian, 1996; Valladares, 2002; American Medical Association, 1992).
Results:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), PRAMS Model Surveillance Protocol, Atlanta, GA, USA: CDC, 1999.
6
Sign. – T
NS
SS
-
2. Relative Contribution of Independent Variables to the Prediction of Physical Spousal Abuse of Women during pregnancy
Spousal Communication
Dowry Demand Involvement
Poor spousal communication is one of the factors associated with marital violence (Berns, Jacobson & Gottman, 1999 and Gordis, Margolin & Vickerman, 2005). Studies exploring the relationship between couple communication or interaction and physical violence during pregnancy are not numerous; however, according to at least two studies, poor couple communication is related to violence during pregnancy in India and China (Purmar, 1999; Sun-fang, 2004).
13.229*
1. To what extent would factors positively associated with physical spousal abuse influence women during pregnancy?
(20.0)
(6.0)
Although, some abused women first experience physical abuse during pregnancy, most do not. A Brisbane study of antenatal patients found that 18% of ever abused women were first abused during a pregnancy (Taft, 2001). According to studies in Turkey (Karaoglu, 2006) and Canada, (Stewart & Cecutt, 1993), however, about 86% of ever-abused women were abused for the first time when they were not pregnant. In addition, an analysis of nationally representative longitudinal U.S. data suggests that pregnant women are not at greater risk of victimization than non pregnant women (Jasinki, 2001). Furthermore, the WHO multi country study found that in most of the developing countries studied, the onset of physical abuse did not overlap with pregnancy (Garcia-Moreno, 2005).
The action taken on abortion by the governing Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in is "a betrayal" of women, who were "key allies" of Well considering abortion in the U.S. kills almost 1.5 million babies a year… your number of Nicaraguan women (33 so far this year) though very sad and Jun 16, 2009 Nicaragua's Ortega Brings No Revolution to Women's Rights Due to the fact that Nicaraguan often rely on NGO support in cases of women, Nicaragua brides, girls, dating. Nicaragua 16 · Women 17 · 18 · 19 Interviewed concerning the women's movement, feminism, and progressivism. US Nurse Visits New York to Discuss Her Persecution by the Nicaraguan Government Even the Special Ombudsperson for Women in Nicaragua, Deborah Grandison, was subjected to humiliation two years ago, when she arrived by plane in Managua Jul 27, 2009 The report, The total abortion ban in Nicaragua: Women's lives and health endangered, medical professionals criminalised claims the law is Oct 28, 2003 Association of Nicaraguan Luisa Apartado A238, Managua Campaign for Socio-political Participation Casa de la Mujer Nov 6, 2009 The project raises sex workers´ consciousness and provides information about discrimination, violence, AIDS / STD risks, addiction and Members of the Nicaraguan women's movement arranged for Rosita and her family to cross the border from Costa Rica into Nicaragua, where an abortion could Feb 5, 2010 Activist Ana María Pizarro, tells Amnesty International how pregnant women are at risk of losing their lives because of Nicaragua's abortion Apr 12, 2007 The contra war compounded these still unresolved problems, and deepened the traditional poverty of Nicaraguan women. Modesta Gonzalez expressed in particular that the “Rural women of are key to the development" She stressed "Nicaraguan rural are producers WLP colleagues from the Autonomous Women's Movement (MAM) in have called our attention to the government's raid and seizure of documents and Jul 27, 2009 This report examines the consequences of Nicaragua's total ban on abortion on women and girls who need life-saving medical treatment. Friends - Dating - Seeking Men - Seeking Women Nicaragua - Gay - Nicaragua chicas - chicas The in Revolutionary Nicaragua essentially fought a double revolution: 1) to secure national freedom and 2) to secure their equality. Nicaragua-THE LIVES OF WOMEN from the Country Studies Program, formerly the Army Area Handbook Program. Apr 27, 2009 Lorena Castillo was 10 years old when she was told that her lot in life was to become a good homemaker and a devoted wife and mother. Nicaragua's blanket ban on abortion, which criminalizes life-saving medical treatment, has had a devastating impact on women's health and lives, by J Lampert - 2009Lampert, Jo (1987) and Literacy in Nicaragua. Canadian Studies. Feb 25, 2010 Nationalism, according to Benedict Anderson, is an "imagined community." Imagined because a nation does not exist without everyone acting as Collectively, the lives of Nicaraguan women are shaped by traditional Hispanic values regarding appropriate sex roles and high fertility, the prevalence of A doctor terminating a pregnancy in to save a woman's life, or for any other reason, can now look forward to a ten-to-twenty-year prison sentence. The roles of most men and women in Nicaragua are shaped by traditional Hispanic values. are most respected in the role of mother, but more women have Dating women, single girls and beautiful ladies for free. If you are a man from wihsing to meet girls Oct 27, 2008 just a glimps on what go`s on around her about 11 in the morning! The new Ministry would supersede the Nicaraguan Institute for in overseeing programs concerned with women's issues. Other legislation, introduced The following article examines the role of in Nicaragua during the revolution, Sandino's Daughters: Testimonies of Nicaraguan in Struggle Mar 1, 2010 Because of Nicaragua's total ban on abortion, a pregnant woman cannot receive the potentially life-saving, cancer treatment she needs Leading the struggle to end violence against Nicaraguan is a national Nicaraguan face an uphill battle in securing legal protection from This problem is exacerbated by the fact that many Nicaraguan women have Many in Nicaragua experience this on a daily basis—they live with and are Women's leadership training program, promotion and protection of human rights among maquiladora workers, advocacy program, and the micro-credit progra. Discover what factors led to the dramatic rise in Nicaraguan women's political "Women in Revolutionary Movements: The Case of Nicaragua," pp. 379-384. Nov 17, 2006 Almost 2000 Nicaraguan women receive therapeutic abortions at public hospitals each year, Blandon said. Health ministry records show a far The US-Nicaragua Women's Empowerment Project (WEP) began in 1990 following a WCCN .Make a tax-deductible donation to WCCN for the US-Nicaragua Women's Nicaragua: Police harassment and detention of rights defenders, and ill-treatment of Ms Patricia Orozco upon arrest | Front Line. Jul 27, 2009 Nicaragua's total ban on abortions is endangering the lives of girlsand women, denying them life-saving treatment, Jul 28, 2009 Nicaragua's total ban on abortion has had "severe consequences for Women have no right to decide for themselves. The lives of are The 9 accused women have been notorious for their defence of women's human rights in Nicaragua against all kinds of violations, including the case of The Maria Elana Cuadra Movement of Working and Unemployed Women (MEC) Nov 6, 2007 “Many are thinking that instead of taking the risk, it is better to let a woman die,” said Dr. Leonel Arguello, president of the Nicaraguan Karen Kampwirth writes here about the who joined the revolutionary movements in Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the Mexican state of Chiapas, Three out of four married Nicaraguan are abused. Gigi Guerra goes to their homes, relives their nightmares and meets an abuser. The Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women (Spanish: Asociación de Mujeres Nicaragüenes Luisa Amanda Espinoza, AMNLAE) was initially Oct 2, 2007 MANAGUA, Oct 2 (Reuters) - An outright ban on abortion in Nicaragua has caused the deaths of at least 80 women since it was imposed 11 We are gravely disturbed by this attempt to silence the critical voices for democracy and peace of leaders of the Nicaraguan women's movement as they bring There is no doubt that the FTZs sector is an important source of employment for Nicaragua and for poor Nicaraguan women. It is estimated that 70 percent of CARIBBEAN COAST, Nicaragua, 19 December 2006 – Poverty, lack of education and few opportunities epitomize the lives of many indigenous women on the Dec 8, 2009 Poor in Nicaragua face great difficulty in obtaining financial services, healthcare and training. Over the last fourteen years,
